Change Of Degree

Degree

Degree হল Adjective এর রূপভেদ। এটি ৩টি ভাগে বিভক্ত। যথা-

• Positive Degree
• Comparative Degree
• Superlative Degree

Positive Degree:

কোন sentence এ Noun বা pronoun এর দোষ, গুন, অবস্থা ইত্যাদি বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে Positive Degree বলে।
যেমন – Mr. Roni is a good man.

Comparative Degree:

সাধারণত দুটি Noun বা pronoun এর দোষ, গুন, অবস্থা ইত্যাদির তুলনা বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে Comparative Degree বলে।
যেমন – Rahim is wiser than Karim.

Superlative Degree:

সাধারণত অনেকের মধ্যে তুলনা বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে Superlative Degree বলে।
যেমন – Rony is the best player in the team.

Change of Degrees:

Superlative Degree into Positive Degree

Superlative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

Rule 1:

No other + প্রদত্ত Superlative এর পরের অংশ + verb + so/as + Superlative Degree এর Positive form + as + মূল sentence এর subject.

Superlative: Rony is the smallest player in the team.
Positive: No other player in the team is as small as Rony.
Superlative: Sima is the best housewife.
Positive: No other housewife is as good as Sima.

Rule 2:

all other, most other, many other, few other, very few, one of the যুক্ত Superlative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

প্রথমে very few + Superlative এর পরের অংশ + verb এর plural form + so/as + Superlative Degree এর Positive form + as + মূল sentence এর subject.

Superlative: He is one of the best players in the team.
Positive: Very few players in the team are as good as he.
Superlative: Iron is one of the most useful metals.
Positive: Very few metals are as useful as Iron. 

Comparative into positive

Rule 1:

Than any other/all other যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

No other + any other/all other এর পরের অংশ + verb + so/as + Comparative Degree এর Positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.

Comparative: kibria is greater than any other boy in the class.
Positive: No other boy in the class is as great as Kibria.
Comparative: Dhaka is larger than all other cities in Bangladesh.
Positive: No other cities in Bangladesh is as large as Dhaka.

Rule 2:

Than যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

Than এর পরের অংশ + verb + not + so/as + Comparative এর Positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.

Comparative: Rony is bigger than Bony.
Positive: Bony is not as big as Rony.
Comparative: He is stronger than I.
Positive: I am not as strong as he.

Rule 3:

Than most other / than few other যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

Very few + most other/few other এর পরের অংশ + verb এর plural form + so/as + Comparative এর Positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.

Comparative: The gold is most useful than most other metals.
Positive: very few metals are as/so useful as gold.
Comparative: A. K. Fazlul Haque was greater than most other politicians in Bangladesh.
Positive: very few politicians in Bangladesh were as/so great as A. K. Fazlul Haque.

Rule 4:

No less/not less ……..than যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

No less/not less এর পরিবর্তে উক্ত যায়গায় as বসে এবং than এর পরিবর্তে উক্ত যায়গায় as বসে। আর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।

Comparative: He is no less intelligent than you.
Positive: He is as intelligent as you.
Comparative: Kripa is not less clever than shipa.
Positive: Kripa is as clever as shipa. 

Rule 5:

No sooner had ….than যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

No sooner had এর পরিবর্তে as soon as + subject + verb এর পরিবর্তে past form + than এর পূর্বের অংশ + than এর পরিবর্তে কমা বসে + বাকী অংশ।

Comparative: No sooner had he seen me than he ran away.
Positive: As soon as he saw me, he ran away. 

Superlative into comparative

Rule 1:

Subject + verb + Superlative এর comparative form + than any other + প্রদত্ত sentence বাকী অংশ।

Superlative: He is the best player in the team.
Comparative: He is better than any other player in the team.

Note: All of থাকলে All of এর পরিবর্তে than all other বসে।

Superlative: He is the best of all men.
Comparative: He is better than all other man.

Rule 2:

One of the যুক্ত Superlative Degree কে Comparative Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

Subject + verb + Superlative এর comparative form + than most other + প্রদত্ত sentence বাকী অংশ।

Superlative: Kibria is one of the best players in the team.
Comparative: Kibria is better than most other players in the team.
Superlative: Canada is one of the coldest countries in the world.
Comparative: Canada is colder than most other countries in the world. 

Positive into comparative

Rule 1:

No other যুক্ত positive Degree কে Comparative Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের subject + verb + positive degree এর comparative form + than any other + no other এর পর থেকে verb এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত।

Positive: No other player in the team is as good as him.
Comparative: He is better than any other player in the team.
Positive: No other country in the world is so/as cold as Canada.
Comparative: Canada is colder than any other country in the world.

Rule 2:

Very few যুক্ত positive Degree কে Comparative Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের subject + verb + positive degree এর comparative form + than most other + no other এর পর থেকে verb এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত।

Positive: Very few students are so good as Lablu.
Comparative: Lablu is better than most other students.
Positive: Very few metals are so costly as gold.
Comparative: Gold is costlier than most other metals.

Rule 3:

As……as যুক্ত positive Degree কে Comparative Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের subject + verb + not + positive degree এর comparative form + than + প্রদত্ত sentence এর প্রথম subject।

Positive: He is as good as his brother
Comparative: His brother is not better than him.

Comparative into superlative

Rule 1:

Subject + verb + the + Comparative এর superlative form + other এর পরের অংশ।

Comparative: He is better than any other player in the team.
Superlative: He is the best player in the team.

Note – other এর পর plural noun থাকলে superlative এর পরে of all বসে।
Comparative: He is bigger than of all boys.
Superlative: He is the tallest of all boys.

Rule 2:

Than most other/than few other যুক্ত Comparative কে Superlative এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম:

Subject + verb + one of the + Comparative degree এর superlative form + most other/few other এর পরের অংশ।

Comparative: Vatican City is smaller than most other countries in the world.
Superlative: Vatican City is one of the smallest countries in the world.
Comparative: Dhaka is bigger than most other cities in Bangladesh.
Superlative: Dhaka is one of the biggest cities in Bangladesh.

Positive into superlative:

Rule 1:

No other যুক্ত positive degree কে superlative degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের Subject + verb + the + positive এর superlative form + no other এর পর থেকে verb এর মাঝের অংশ।

Positive: No other player in the team is as good as Raju.
Superlative: Raju is the best player in the team.
Positive: No other man man in the society is as good as him.
Superlative: He is the best man in the society.

Rule 2:

Very few যুক্ত positive degree কে superlative degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ

প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের Subject + verb + one of the + positive এর superlative form + very few এর পর থেকে verb এর মাঝের অংশ।

Positive: Very few men in the village are as tall as Kabir.
Superlative: Kabir is one of the tallest men in the village.
Positive: Very few people in the country are as good as Rakib
Superlative: Rakib is one of the best people in the country.

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Gender

Gender (লিঙ্গ)

Gender এর আভিধানিক অর্থ হল লিঙ্গ। অর্থাৎ Gender হচ্ছে কোন noun বা pronoun এর সেই রূপ যা দিয়ে প্রকাশ করা হয় ঐ noun বা pronoun টি স্ত্রী, পুরুষ, ক্লীব নাকি উভয় লিঙ্গ।

Types of Gender

Gender সাধারনত চার প্রকার।

• Masculine Gender ( পুং লিঙ্গ)
• Feminine Gender ( স্ত্রী লিঙ্গ)
• Neuter Gender (ক্লীব লিঙ্গ)
• Common Gender (উভয় লিঙ্গ)

i. Masculine Gender

যে noun বা pronoun দ্বারা কোন প্রাণীর পুরুষ বাচক অবস্থাকে বোঝায় তাকে Masculine Gender বলে। যেমন – Man, Boy, Brother, Bull, He, Dog, Cock, ইত্যাদি।

ii. Feminine Gender

যে noun বা pronoun দ্বারা কোন প্রাণীর স্ত্রী বাচক অবস্থাকে বোঝায় তাকে Feminine Gender বলে। যেমন – Woman, Cow, Sister, Girl, She, Bitch, Hen, ইত্যাদি।

iii. Neuter Gender

যে noun দ্বারা কোন প্রাণীর স্ত্রী বা পুরুষ কোন অবস্থাকে বোঝায় না তাকে Neuter Gender বলে। যেমন - Book, Pen, Table, ইত্যাদি।

iv. Common Gender

যে noun বা pronoun দ্বারা কোন প্রাণীর পুরুষ বা স্ত্রী যে কোন অবস্থাকে বোঝায় তাকে Common Gender বলে। যেমন – Baby, Cousin, Student, Teacher, Citizen, Enemy, ইত্যাদি।

Gender পরিবর্তন এর নিয়ম

Rule 1 –
কতগুলো noun এর ক্ষেত্রে সম্পূর্ণ ভিন্ন শব্দ ব্যবহার করে Feminine Gender করতে হয়। যেমন –

Masculine	Feminine
Father	Mother
Brother	Sister
Husband	Wife
King	Queen
Fox	Vixen
Dog	Bitch
Male	Female
Uncle	Aunt
Wizard	Witch
Bull	Cow
Lord	Lady
Sir	Madam
Tailor	Seamstress
Papa	Mamma

  Rule 2 – 
কতগুলো noun এর শেষে “ess” যুক্ত করে Feminine Gender করতে হয়। যেমন-

Masculine	Feminine
Author	Authoress
Baron	Baroness
Count	Countess
Heir	Heiress
Peer	Peeress
Prophet	Prophetess
Steward	Stewardess
Manager	Manageress
God	Goddess
Priest	Priestess
Host	Hostess
Jew	Jewess
Lion	Lioness
Poet	Poetess

  Rule 3-
কতগুলো Masculine noun এর শেষের vowel তুলে দেয়ার পর উহাদের শেষে “ess” যোগ করে Feminine করতে হয়। যেমন –

Masculine	Feminine
Actor	Actress
Conductor	Conductress
Hunter	Huntress
Instructor	Instructress
Songster	Songstress
Traitor	Traitors
Benefactor	Benefactress
Tiger	Tigress
Director	directress

Gender পরিবর্তন এর নিয়ম

Rule 4 –
কিছু কিছু Masculine noun এর ক্ষেত্রে কিছুটা ব্যতিক্রমী ভাবে “ess” যুক্ত হয়। যেমন –

Masculine	Feminine
Abot	Abbess
Emperor	Empress
Master	Miss
Murderer	Murderess
Duke	Duchess
Master	Mistress
Mr	Mrs

Rule 5 – 
কিছু Masculine noun এর শেষে a, ine, ix  যুক্ত করে Feminine করতে হয়। যেমন –

Masculine	Feminine
Don	Dona
Signor	Signora
Executor	Executrix
Hero	Heroine
Sultan	Sultana
Prosecutor	Prosecutrix
Proprietor	Proprietrix

Rule 6 –
Compound noun গুলোর পুরুষবাচক অংশটিকে Feminine করে।

1. প্রথম noun টিকে Feminine করে –

Masculine	Feminine
Boy-baby	Girl-baby
Bull-calf	Cow-calf
Billy-goat	Nanny-goat
Man-servant	Maid-servant
Male-child	Female-child
Son-in-law	Daughter-in-law
Brother-in-law	Sister-in-law
Male-servant	Female-servant
Mankind	Womankind

1. পরের noun টিকে Feminine করে –

Masculine	Feminine
Fisherman	Fisherwoman
Gentleman	Gentlewoman
Peacock	Peahen
Stepbrother	Stepsister
Grandfather	Grandmother
Godfather	Godmother
Landlord	Landlady
Stepson	Stepdaughter
Great-uncle	Great-aunt

Rule 7- 
প্রকৃতিতে বিরাজমান বিভিন্ন প্রাণহীন সত্তাকে প্রাণবন্ত সত্ত্বারুপে গণ্য করলে উহাদের বিশেষ বিশেষ বৈশিষ্ট্য অনুসারে উহাদের Gender গণ্য করা হয়।

1. শক্তিশালী সত্ত্বাগুলোকে পুরুষবাচক বা  Masculine হিসেবে গণ্য করা হয়। যেমন- sun, summer, winter, death, time, anger, war, thunder, fear, ইত্যাদি।
2. সৌন্দর্য, কোমলতা, স্নিগ্ধতার ন্যায় নারীসুলভ গুনের অধিকারী সত্ত্বাগুলোকে Feminine হিসেবে গণ্য করা হয়। যেমন- Moon, peace, hope, nature, earth, night, spring, ইত্যাদি।
3. দেশ, রেলগাড়ি, জাহাজ, ইত্যাদিকে সর্বদা Feminine হিসেবে গণ্য করা হয়। 
   যেমন
   - The ship reflects her beauty.
   - Our country lost her famous persons.

Rule 8-

কিছু noun সর্বদা Feminine রুপে ব্যবহার হয়। এদের কোন Masculine নেই। যেমন – nurse, virgin, prude, serin, shrew, ইত্যাদি।

Rule 9 –
আবার কতগুলো noun সর্বদা Masculine হিসেবে গণ্য করা হয়।এদের কোন Feminine নেই। যেমন – judge, chairman, knight, parson, captain, etc.

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Sentence

Sentence

B Mondal RAIDIGHI SOUTH TWENTY FOUR PARGANAS Definition:

A sentence is a word or group of words that must expresses a complete idea or sense or meaning and that may consists of a subject and a verb.

Also it may have an object or a complement and the words must be order properly.

যে শব্দ বা শব্দ সমষ্টি দ্বারা সম্পূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ পায় এবং যা সাধারণত কর্তা এবং ক্রিয়া দ্বারা গঠিত তাকে sentence বা বাক্য বলা হয় ।

Example:
- We practice English everyday. (Here we is subject, practice is verb, English is object and everyday is adverb)

Basically there are two parts of a sentence: (একটি Sentence এ মূলত দুটি অংশ থাকে)

• Subject and
• Predicate

Subject: A subject of a sentence is a person or thing about which something is said or written.

Predicate: And the Predicate that says what the Subject does.

যে ব্যক্তি বা বস্তু সম্পর্কে কোনকিছু বলা বা লিখা হয় তাকে Subject বা কর্তা বলে ।

যা subject বা কর্তা সম্পর্কে বলে বা করে বা লিখে তাকে Predicate বলা হয় ।

In the above example ‘We’ is subject and ‘practice English everyday’ is Predicate. A sentence usually starts with a subject and then predicate comes.

Kinds of Sentence:
Sentences can be classified into five categories, according to their meaning or function.

অর্থ বা কাজের ওপর ভিত্তি করে ইংরেজিতে Sentence কে সাধারণত পাঁচ ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়।

They are:-

1. Assertive Sentence.
2. Interrogative Sentence.
3. Imperative Sentence.
4. Optative Sentence.
5. Exclamatory Sentence.

Assertive Sentence:

An assertive sentence is a simple/general statement or assertion, either affirmative or negative.

কোনো সাধারণ বিবৃতি বা বক্তব্যকে Assertive Sentence (বিবৃতিমূলক বাক্য) বলে

Pattern:
Subject + verb + object/complement/adverb/adjectiveExample:
-English is an International Language. (Affirmative)
-We do not do bad things. (Negative)
-Everybody should know English. (Modal auxiliaries)

Interrogative Sentence:

An interrogative sentence asks question about a person or thing(s). It always ends with a note of interrogation a.k.a. question mark (?).

There are two ways to form an interrogative sentence.

I. Beginning with helping verbs (am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had) or modal auxiliaries (shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, etc.).
Example:
- Do you have your assignment ready?
- Does he speak English?
- Did she work abroad?
- Should I go there?
- Can you hear the sound?
- Don’t you want any food? (Negative)

II. Beginning with some specific words like who, which, what, when, where, why, how, whom, how much, how many, etc. [These are known as ‘WH’ questions.]
Example:
- How is your business going on?
- Who fixed the computer?
- Whom do you support?
- What are you expecting from me?
- What time is it now?
- How many people have died there?

Imperative Sentence:

A sentence that expresses a request, command, order, advice, suggestion, etc. is an imperative sentence.
In an imperative sentence, the subject is usually unexpressed; it is understood rather.

Pattern:
Subject (Invisible) + verb + object / where
Example:
- Take care of you. 
- Give me the pen.
- Do it now.
- Be honest.
- Come here
- Never tell a lie
- Do not laugh at other's helplessness.
- Let him go there.

Caution: You must do your duty. (It is an assertive sentence, not an imperative sentence.)

Optative Sentence:

Wish, desire, prayer, etc. are expressed by the Optative sentence.

Pattern:
May + AssertiveExample:
- May you live long.
- May Allah bless you.
- Wish you all the best.
- Long live Bangladesh. (Can be formed without ‘may’)

Exclamatory Sentence:

Exclamatory is a sentence which expresses strong/sudden feeling or emotion like surprise, pain, delight, anger, disgust, etc.

Pattern:
Alas/ Hurrah/ Bravo/ What/ How etc. + Others
Example:
- Hurrah! Our cricket team has won the series.
- Alas! He has failed the competition.
- Bravo! You have done a great job.
- What a talented girl she is!
- How sweetly the cuckoo sings!
- What a wonderful land Bangladesh is!
- Were I a Super Hero!
- What a pity!
- Fantastic!
- What an idea!
- Put that down now!
- Leave the package at the door.
- Walk softly, please.

Structure of a Sentence:
According to structure, sentences are of three types.
I. Simple Sentence.
II. Complex Sentence.
III. Compound Sentence.

I. Simple Sentence:

Simple sentence is structured with only one subject and one finite verb. 
Simple sentence has only one independent clause.

Pattern: 
Subject + finite verb + complement
Exmaple:- Bangladesh is a populated country
- Life is not a bed of roses
- Human is the superior in this planet.

II. Complex Sentence:

A sentence consisting of one principal clause and one or more sub-ordinate clause(s) is a complex sentence.

Example:
- If you work hard, you will shine in life. (Here, ‘if you work hard’ is sub-ordinate clause and ‘you will shine in life’ is main or principal clause.)

Sub-ordinate clause begins with conjunctions like who, which, that, when, how, where, while, if, whether, because, since, as, though, although, till, until, unless, before, after, so that, whenever, wherever, whoever, whatever, etc.

Example:- I know where he lives.
- I do not know what his name is.
- While there is life there is hope.
- We eat so that we can survive. 

III. Compound Sentence:

A sentence having more than one principal clauses, linked by one or more coordinating conjunctions, preceded by a comma, is called compound sentence.

Conjunctions that are used in compound sentences are and, but, or, for, nor, also, however, moreover, thus, so, therefore, else, still, as well as, accordingly, otherwise, yet, not yet, but also, either or, neither nor, on the contrary, etc.

Example:
- Respect others, and others will respect you.
- He loves us, but he does not show it.

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